Gaslighting is a form of emotional abuse, in which the abusive partner leads the victim to question their feelings, instincts, and sanity. Through this process, the abusive partner breaks down the victim�s ability to trust their own perceptions. Consequently, the victim�s probability of staying in an abusive relationship increases.

The term �gaslighting� comes from a 1938 play, Gaslight, in which the lead character tries to drive his wife crazy by making her question her sanity- this is accomplished by the husband dimming the (gas) lights at home, but denying that they have dimmed to his wife. The distinguishing feature of gaslighting is that the abuser not only controls the victim but also has
they agree with the abuser�s point of view (Abramson, 2014).

Gaslighting is typically persistent and long-term, and the abusers characteristically have trouble identifying and expressing emotions and tend to have low self-worth. It is a gradual process, and may initially seem like a misunderstanding of the perpetrator�s actions. However, these behaviors usually escalate over time, and the abusive behaviors cause the victim to feel anxious, depressed, and isolated.

Most alarmingly, over time as the victim becomes more distrustful of their perceptions, they start relying on the abusive partner to help define reality, making an escape from the relationship more complicated. Gaslighting is especially common among victims of domestic abuse.

Gaslighters use a variety of techniques. These include:

• Withholding: In this technique, the abuser pretends not to understand or refuses to listen to the victim, e.g. �You�re trying to confuse me.�
• Countering: By employing this technique, the abuser tries to make the victim question their memory of events, e.g. �You never remember things correctly.�
• Trivializing: This strategy aims to undermine the victim�s needs or feelings, e.g. �You�re too sensitive.�
• Blocking/Diverting: The abuser changes the topic or questions the victim�s thoughts in this strategy, e.g. �You�re imagining things.�
• Forgetting/Denial: Through this technique, the abuser claims to forget or denies events or promises made to the victim, e.g. �You�re making stuff up.�

Some of the signs of gaslighting are:

• Constantly second-guessing yourself.
• Constantly apologizing to your partner.
• Feeling confused or crazy.
• Asking yourself repeatedly if you�re �too sensitive�.
• Difficulty in making simple decisions.
• Feeling as if you cannot do anything right.
• Wondering if you are a good enough partner.

It is extremely important for victims of gaslighting to learn about these signs to reach out and seek help and relearn how to trust themselves.

References:

• Abramson K (2014) Turning up the lights on gaslighting. Philos Perspect 28(1):1�30 Spear, A. (2018).

• Gaslighting, Confabulation, and Epistemic Innocence. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11245-018-9611-z.pdf.

• What is Gaslighting? � National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.thehotline.org/what-is-gaslighting/.